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Java 新特性

Java 25

JDK 25 于 2025 年 9 月 16 日 发布，是 LTS（长期支持版），至此为止，目前有 JDK8、JDK11、JDK17、JDK21 和 JDK 25 这五个长期支持版了。

共有 18 个新特性：

  • JEP 470: PEM Encodings of Cryptographic Objects (Preview)
  • JEP 502: Stable Values (Preview)
  • JEP 503: Remove the 32-bit x86 Port
  • JEP 505: Structured Concurrency (Fifth Preview) (结构化并发, 第五次预览)
  • JEP 506: Scoped Values (作用域值)
  • JEP 507: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Third Preview) (模式匹配支持基本类型, 第三次预览)
  • JEP 508: Vector API (Tenth Incubator) (向量 API, 第十次孵化)
  • JEP 509: JFR CPU-Time Profiling (Experimental)
  • JEP 510: Key Derivation Function API
  • JEP 511: Module Import Declarations (模块导入声明)
  • JEP 512: Compact Source Files and Instance Main Methods (紧凑源文件与实例主方法)
  • JEP 513: Flexible Constructor Bodies (灵活的构造函数体)
  • JEP 514: Ahead-of-Time Command-Line Ergonomics
  • JEP 515: Ahead-of-Time Method Profiling
  • JEP 518: JFR Cooperative Sampling
  • JEP 519: Compact Object Headers (紧凑对象头)
  • JEP 520: JFR Method Timing & Tracing
  • JEP 521: Generational Shenandoah (分代 Shenandoah GC)

Java 24

Features

  • JEP 404: Generational Shenandoah (Experimental)
  • JEP 450: Compact Object Headers (Experimental)
  • JEP 472: Prepare to Restrict the Use of JNI
  • JEP 475: Late Barrier Expansion for G1
  • JEP 478: Key Derivation Function API (Preview)
  • JEP 479: Remove the Windows 32-bit x86 Port
  • JEP 483: Ahead-of-Time Class Loading & Linking
  • JEP 484: Class-File API
  • JEP 485: Stream Gatherers
  • JEP 486: Permanently Disable the Security Manager
  • JEP 487: Scoped Values (Fourth Preview)
  • JEP 488: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Second Preview)
  • JEP 489: Vector API (Ninth Incubator)
  • JEP 490: ZGC: Remove the Non-Generational Mode
  • JEP 491: Synchronize Virtual Threads without Pinning
  • JEP 492: Flexible Constructor Bodies (Third Preview)
  • JEP 493: Linking Run-Time Images without JMODs
  • JEP 494: Module Import Declarations (Second Preview)
  • JEP 495: Simple Source Files and Instance Main Methods (Fourth Preview)
  • JEP 496: Quantum-Resistant Module-Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism
  • JEP 497: Quantum-Resistant Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm
  • JEP 498: Warn upon Use of Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe
  • JEP 499: Structured Concurrency (Fourth Preview)
  • JEP 501: Deprecate the 32-bit x86 Port for Removal

Java 23

Features

  • JEP 455: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Preview)
  • JEP 466: Class-File API (Second Preview)
  • JEP 467: Markdown Documentation Comments
  • JEP 469: Vector API (Eighth Incubator)
  • JEP 473: Stream Gatherers (Second Preview)
  • JEP 471: Deprecate the Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe for Removal
  • JEP 474: ZGC: Generational Mode by Default
  • JEP 476: Module Import Declarations (Preview)
  • JEP 477: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Third Preview)
  • JEP 480: Structured Concurrency (Third Preview)
  • JEP 481: Scoped Values (Third Preview)
  • JEP 482: Flexible Constructor Bodies (Second Preview)

Java 22

Features

  • JEP 423: Region Pinning for G1
  • JEP 447: Statements before super(...) (Preview)
  • JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API
  • JEP 456: Unnamed Variables & Patterns
  • JEP 457: Class-File API (Preview)
  • JEP 458: Launch Multi-File Source-Code Programs
  • JEP 459: String Templates (Second Preview)
  • JEP 460: Vector API (Seventh Incubator)
  • JEP 461: Stream Gatherers (Preview)
  • JEP 462: Structured Concurrency (Second Preview)
  • JEP 463: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Second Preview)
  • JEP 464: Scoped Values (Second Preview)

Java 21

2023年9月20日，Oracle公司宣布Java 21正式发布。该版本是继JDK 17之后最新的长期支持版本（LTS），将获得至少8年的支持！

Java 21 号称具有数千项性能、稳定性和安全性改进，包括支持虚拟线程以提高整体吞吐量，以及增加对向量应用编程接口（API）的支持，从而更轻松地构建涉及人工智能 AI 模型的 Java 应用。

  • JEP 431: Sequenced Collections
  • JEP 439: Generational ZGC (分代ZGC)
  • JEP 440: Record Patterns (记录模式)
  • JEP 441: Pattern Matching for switch
  • JEP 444: Virtual Threads
  • JEP 449: Deprecate the Windows 32-bit x86 Port for Removal
  • JEP 451: Prepare to Disallow the Dynamic Loading of Agents
  • JEP 452: Key Encapsulation Mechanism API：KEM 算法通过公共加密技术保护对称密钥。

以下是预览和孵化特性

  • JEP 430: String Templates (Preview) (字符串模版)
  • JEP 442: Foreign Function & Memory API (Third Preview)
  • JEP 443: Unnamed Patterns and Variables (Preview)
  • JEP 445: Unnamed Classes and Instance Main Methods (Preview)
  • JEP 446: Scoped Values (Preview)
  • JEP 448: Vector API (Sixth Incubator)
  • JEP 453: Structured Concurrency (Preview)

Java 20

以下内容在Java 21中正式定稿：

  • JEP 432: Record Patterns (Second Preview)：终稿见440: Record Patterns
  • JEP 433: Pattern Matching for switch (Fourth Preview)：终稿见441: Pattern Matching for switch
  • JEP 436: Virtual Threads (Second Preview)：终稿见444: Virtual Threads

以下内容在Java 21中继续迭代：

  • JEP 429: Scoped Values (Incubator)
  • JEP 434: Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Preview)
  • JEP 437: Structured Concurrency (Second Incubator)
  • JEP 438: Vector API (Fifth Incubator)

Java 19

  • JEP 422: Linux/RISC-V Port

以下预览特性在Java 21中正式定稿：

  • JEP 405: Record Patterns (Preview)：终稿见440: Record Patterns
  • JEP 425: Virtual Threads (Preview)：终稿见444: Virtual Threads
  • JEP 427: Pattern Matching for switch (Third Preview)：终稿见441: Pattern Matching for switch

以下内容在Java 21中继续迭代：

  • JEP 424: Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview)
  • JEP 426: Vector API (Fourth Incubator)
  • JEP 428: Structured Concurrency (Incubator)

Java 18

  • JEP 400: UTF-8 by Default
  • JEP 408: Simple Web Server
  • JEP 413: Code Snippets in Java API Documentation
  • JEP 416: Reimplement Core Reflection with Method Handles
  • JEP 417: Vector API (Third Incubator)
  • JEP 418: Internet-Address Resolution SPI
  • JEP 419: Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Incubator)
  • JEP 420: Pattern Matching for switch (Second Preview)：见Java 21终稿
  • JEP 421: Deprecate Finalization for Removal：废弃finalize方法，方便后续移除

Java 17

  • JEP 306: Restore Always-Strict Floating-Point Semantics
  • JEP 356: Enhanced Pseudo-Random Number Generators
  • JEP 382: New macOS Rendering Pipeline
  • JEP 391: macOS/AArch64 Port
  • JEP 398: Deprecate the Applet API for Removal
  • JEP 403: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals
  • JEP 406: Pattern Matching for switch (Preview)
  • JEP 407: Remove RMI Activation
  • JEP 409: Sealed Classes
  • JEP 410: Remove the Experimental AOT and JIT Compiler
  • JEP 411: Deprecate the Security Manager for Removal
  • JEP 412: Foreign Function & Memory API (Incubator)
  • JEP 414: Vector API (Second Incubator)
  • JEP 415: Context-Specific Deserialization Filters

Java 16

  • JEP 338: Vector API (Incubator)
  • JEP 347: Enable C++14 Language Features
  • JEP 357: Migrate from Mercurial to Git
  • JEP 369: Migrate to GitHub
  • JEP 376: ZGC: Concurrent Thread-Stack Processing
  • JEP 380: Unix-Domain Socket Channels
  • JEP 386: Alpine Linux Port
  • JEP 387: Elastic Metaspace
  • JEP 388: Windows/AArch64 Port
  • JEP 389: Foreign Linker API (Incubator)
  • JEP 390: Warnings for Value-Based Classes
  • JEP 392: Packaging Tool
  • JEP 393: Foreign-Memory Access API (Third Incubator)
  • JEP 394: Pattern Matching for instanceof
  • JEP 395: Records
  • JEP 396: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default
  • JEP 397: Sealed Classes (Second Preview)

Java 15

  • JEP 339: Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)
  • JEP 360: Sealed Classes (Preview)
  • JEP 371: Hidden Classes
  • JEP 372: Remove the Nashorn JavaScript Engine
  • JEP 373: Reimplement the Legacy DatagramSocket API
  • JEP 374: Disable and Deprecate Biased Locking
  • JEP 375: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Second Preview)
  • JEP 377: ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector
  • JEP 378: Text Blocks
  • JEP 379: Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector
  • JEP 381: Remove the Solaris and SPARC Ports
  • JEP 383: Foreign-Memory Access API (Second Incubator)
  • JEP 384: Records (Second Preview)
  • JEP 385: Deprecate RMI Activation for Removal

Java 14

  • JEP 305: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Preview)
  • JEP 343: Packaging Tool (Incubator)
  • JEP 345: NUMA-Aware Memory Allocation for G1
  • JEP 349: JFR Event Streaming
  • JEP 352: Non-Volatile Mapped Byte Buffers
  • JEP 358: Helpful NullPointerExceptions
  • JEP 359: Records (Preview)
  • JEP 361: Switch Expressions (Standard)
  • JEP 362: Deprecate the Solaris and SPARC Ports
  • JEP 363: Remove the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector
  • JEP 364: ZGC on macOS
  • JEP 365: ZGC on Windows
  • JEP 366: Deprecate the ParallelScavenge + SerialOld GC Combination
  • JEP 367: Remove the Pack200 Tools and API
  • JEP 368: Text Blocks (Second Preview)
  • JEP 370: Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator)

Java 13

  • JEP 350: Dynamic CDS Archives
  • JEP 351: ZGC: Uncommit Unused Memory
  • JEP 353: Reimplement the Legacy Socket API
  • JEP 354: Switch Expressions (Preview)
  • JEP 355: Text Blocks (Preview)

Java 12

  • JEP 189: Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-Time Garbage Collector (Experimental)
  • JEP 230: Microbenchmark Suite
  • JEP 325: Switch Expressions (Preview)
  • JEP 334: JVM Constants API
  • JEP 340: One AArch64 Port, Not Two
  • JEP 341: Default CDS Archives
  • JEP 344: Abortable Mixed Collections for G1
  • JEP 346: Promptly Return Unused Committed Memory from G1

Java 11

  • JEP 181: Nest-Based Access Control
  • JEP 309: Dynamic Class-File Constants
  • JEP 315: Improve Aarch64 Intrinsics
  • JEP 318: Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector
  • JEP 320: Remove the Java EE and CORBA Modules
  • JEP 321: HTTP Client (Standard)
  • JEP 323: Local-Variable Syntax for Lambda Parameters
  • JEP 324: Key Agreement with Curve25519 and Curve448
  • JEP 327: Unicode 10
  • JEP 328: Flight Recorder
  • JEP 329: ChaCha20 and Poly1305 Cryptographic Algorithms
  • JEP 330: Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs
  • JEP 331: Low-Overhead Heap Profiling
  • JEP 332: Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3
  • JEP 333: ZGC: A Scalable Low-Latency Garbage Collector(Experimental)
  • JEP 335: Deprecate the Nashorn JavaScript Engine
  • JEP 336: Deprecate the Pack200 Tools and API

Java 10

  • JEP 286: Local-Variable Type Inference
  • JEP 296: Consolidate the JDK Forest into a Single Repository
  • JEP 304: Garbage-Collector Interface
  • JEP 307: Parallel Full GC for G1
  • JEP 310: Application Class-Data Sharing
  • JEP 312: Thread-Local Handshakes
  • JEP 313: Remove the Native-Header Generation Tool (javah)
  • JEP 314: Additional Unicode Language-Tag Extensions
  • JEP 316: Heap Allocation on Alternative Memory Devices
  • JEP 317: Experimental Java-Based JIT Compiler
  • JEP 319: Root Certificates
  • JEP 322: Time-Based Release Versioning

Java 9

  • JEP 102: Process API Updates
  • JEP 110: HTTP 2 Client
  • JEP 143: Improve Contended Locking
  • JEP 158: Unified JVM Logging
  • JEP 165: Compiler Control
  • JEP 193: Variable Handles
  • JEP 197: Segmented Code Cache
  • JEP 199: Smart Java Compilation, Phase Two
  • JEP 200: The Modular JDK
  • JEP 201: Modular Source Code
  • JEP 211: Elide Deprecation Warnings on Import Statements
  • JEP 212: Resolve Lint and Doclint Warnings
  • JEP 213: Milling Project Coin
  • JEP 214: Remove GC Combinations Deprecated in JDK 8
  • JEP 215: Tiered Attribution for javac
  • JEP 216: Process Import Statements Correctly
  • JEP 217: Annotations Pipeline 2.0
  • JEP 219: Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)
  • JEP 220: Modular Run-Time Images
  • JEP 221: Simplified Doclet API
  • JEP 222: jshell: The Java Shell (Read-Eval-Print Loop)
  • JEP 223: New Version-String Scheme
  • JEP 224: HTML5 Javadoc
  • JEP 225: Javadoc Search
  • JEP 226: UTF-8 Property Files
  • JEP 227: Unicode 7.0
  • JEP 228: Add More Diagnostic Commands
  • JEP 229: Create PKCS12 Keystores by Default
  • JEP 231: Remove Launch-Time JRE Version Selection
  • JEP 232: Improve Secure Application Performance
  • JEP 233: Generate Run-Time Compiler Tests Automatically
  • JEP 235: Test Class-File Attributes Generated by javac
  • JEP 236: Parser API for Nashorn
  • JEP 237: Linux/AArch64 Port
  • JEP 238: Multi-Release JAR Files
  • JEP 240: Remove the JVM TI hprof Agent
  • JEP 241: Remove the jhat Tool
  • JEP 243: Java-Level JVM Compiler Interface
  • JEP 244: TLS Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension
  • JEP 245: Validate JVM Command-Line Flag Arguments
  • JEP 246: Leverage CPU Instructions for GHASH and RSA
  • JEP 247: Compile for Older Platform Versions
  • JEP 248: Make G1 the Default Garbage Collector
  • JEP 249: OCSP Stapling for TLS
  • JEP 250: Store Interned Strings in CDS Archives
  • JEP 251: Multi-Resolution Images
  • JEP 252: Use CLDR Locale Data by Default
  • JEP 253: Prepare JavaFX UI Controls & CSS APIs for Modularization
  • JEP 254: Compact Strings
  • JEP 255: Merge Selected Xerces 2.11.0 Updates into JAXP
  • JEP 256: BeanInfo Annotations
  • JEP 257: Update JavaFX/Media to Newer Version of GStreamer
  • JEP 258: HarfBuzz Font-Layout Engine
  • JEP 259: Stack-Walking API
  • JEP 260: Encapsulate Most Internal APIs
  • JEP 261: Module System
  • JEP 262: TIFF Image I/O
  • JEP 263: HiDPI Graphics on Windows and Linux
  • JEP 264: Platform Logging API and Service
  • JEP 265: Marlin Graphics Renderer
  • JEP 266: More Concurrency Updates
  • JEP 267: Unicode 8.0
  • JEP 268: XML Catalogs
  • JEP 269: Convenience Factory Methods for Collections
  • JEP 270: Reserved Stack Areas for Critical Sections
  • JEP 271: Unified GC Logging
  • JEP 272: Platform-Specific Desktop Features
  • JEP 273: DRBG-Based SecureRandom Implementations
  • JEP 274: Enhanced Method Handles
  • JEP 275: Modular Java Application Packaging
  • JEP 276: Dynamic Linking of Language-Defined Object Models
  • JEP 277: Enhanced Deprecation
  • JEP 278: Additional Tests for Humongous Objects in G1
  • JEP 279: Improve Test-Failure Troubleshooting
  • JEP 280: Indify String Concatenation
  • JEP 281: HotSpot C++ Unit-Test Framework
  • JEP 282: jlink: The Java Linker
  • JEP 283: Enable GTK 3 on Linux
  • JEP 284: New HotSpot Build System
  • JEP 285: Spin-Wait Hints
  • JEP 287: SHA-3 Hash Algorithms
  • JEP 288: Disable SHA-1 Certificates
  • JEP 289: Deprecate the Applet API
  • JEP 290: Filter Incoming Serialization Data
  • JEP 291: Deprecate the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector
  • JEP 292: Implement Selected ECMAScript 6 Features in Nashorn
  • JEP 294: Linux/s390x Port
  • JEP 295: Ahead-of-Time Compilation
  • JEP 297: Unified arm32/arm64 Port
  • JEP 298: Remove Demos and Samples
  • JEP 299: Reorganize Documentation

Java8

  • JEP Lambda 表达式
  • JEP 方法引用
  • JEP 接口默认方法
  • JEP Stream API
  • JEP 函数式接口
  • JEP Optional 类
  • JEP Date/Time API
  • JEP 注解增强

來源參考：